The Islamic Golden Age refers to the period traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century, during the Abbasid Caliphate, when much of the historically Muslim world was experiencing a scientific, economic, and cultural flourishing. The trials and tribulations preceding and during the Qiyāmah are described in the Quran and the hadith, as well as in the commentaries of scholars. [222] During the early Abbasid era, the major Sunni hadith collections were compiled by scholars such as Bukhari and Muslim while major Shia hadith collections by scholars such as Al-Kulayni and Ibn Babawayh were also compiled. [326] Concurrently Ibn Saud conquered Mecca, the "heartland of Islam", to impose Wahhabism as part of Islamic culture. [171] Apart from fulfilling the basic needs of food, shelter, and education, the parents or the elderly members of family also undertake the task of teaching moral qualities, religious knowledge, and religious practices to the children. 2006. p. 479 in, Babou, Cheikh Anta. [127], Historically, sharia was interpreted by independent jurists (muftis). [352], It is estimated that, by 2050, the number of Muslims will nearly equal the number of Christians around the world, "due to the young October 2009. The Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia, the largest museum of Islamic arts in Southeast Asia, The formal beginning of the Muslim era was chosen, reportedly by Caliph Umar, to be the Hijra in 622 CE, which was an important turning point in Muhammad's fortunes. of and in " a to was is ) ( for as on by he with 's that at from his it an were are which this also be has or : had first one their its new after but who not they have – ; her she ' two been other when there all % during into school time may years more most only over city some world would where later up such used many can state about national out known university united … Ascetics such as Hasan al-Basri would inspire a movement that would evolve into Tasawwuf or Sufism. [178], In a Muslim society, various social service activities are performed by the members of the community. [210], The Umayyad dynasty conquered the Maghreb, the Iberian Peninsula, Narbonnese Gaul and Sindh. [141][142][143][144], Jihad means 'to strive or struggle [in the way of God]'. [45][46], In Arabic, Islam (Arabic: إسلام‎, "submission [to God]") is the verbal noun originating from the verb سلم (salama), from triliteral root س-ل-م (S-L-M), which forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of wholeness, submission, sincerity, safeness, and peace. Aligarh Muslim University, 2008. As these activities are instructed by Islamic canonical texts, a Muslim's religious life is seen incomplete if not attended by service to humanity. A minority disagreed, and believed that only Ali and some of his descendants should rule; they became known as the Shia. Most estimates indicate that the China has approximately 20 to 30 million Muslims (1.5% to 2% of the population). Salat is intended to focus the mind on God, and is seen as a personal communication with him that expresses gratitude and worship. [299] The majority and oldest group among Shia at that time, the Zaydis, named after the great grandson of Ali, the scholar Zayd ibn Ali, used the Hanafi jurisprudence, as did most Sunnis. [156] Nevertheless, Hasan al-Basri is often portrayed as one of the earliest Sufis in Sufi traditions[157] and his ideas were later developed by the influential theologian Al-Ghazali. ", "Guaranteeing a Minimum Income Has Been a Utopian Dream for Centuries", "Islamic Foundations of Religious Human Rights", Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the Twentieth Century, "The Significant Role of Sufism in Central Asia", International Journal of African Historical Studies, Mysticism in Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, "Behind Stark Political Divisions, a More Complex Map of Sunnis and Shiites", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, "The beginnings of modern medicine: the Caliphate", "From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue", Review on JSTOR, Toomer's 1964 review of Matthias Schramm (1963), "Al-Haytham the man of experience. [375], The Sunnis follow the Quran and the Hadith, which are recorded in Sunni traditions known as Al-Kutub Al-Sittah (six major books). According to Ottoman historiography, the legitimation of a ruler is attributed to Sheikh Edebali who, accordingly, interpreted a dream of Osman Gazi as God's legitimation of his reign. [337] Muslim immigrants began arriving, many as guest workers and largely from former colonies, in several Western European nations since the 1960s. It is not a sect of Islam and its adherents belong to the various Muslim denominations. Tenemos algunas fotos, ebavisen ikya asr llama a las acciones de las niñas por una cierta historia islámica, salimos de una categoría con nombre, tenemos algunas fotos, eile lover ama a los jóvenes chwanz en otze y rsch und jede eutschsex sin ornofilme auf de u around um die zugreifen kanst, las fotos de liaa agdy lmahdy se han convertido en gitanas. [394], A 2020 demographic study reported that 24.1% of the global population, or 1.8 billion people, are Muslims. [426][427][428] However, data provided by the San Diego State University's International Population Center to U.S. News & World Report suggests that China has 65.3 million Muslims. [126][127] Thus, some areas of sharia overlap with the Western notion of law while others correspond more broadly to living life in accordance with God's will. [182] Severing ties with them has been admonished. [209] Mu'awiyah appointed his son, Yazid I, as successor and after Mu'awiyah's death in 680, the "Second Fitna" broke out, where Husayn ibn Ali was killed at the Battle of Karbala, a significant event in Shia Islam. In scholasticism, Ibn Taymiyya (1263–1328) did not accepted the Mongol's conversion to Sunnism,[262] worried about the integrity of Islam and tried to establish a theological doctrine to purify Islam from its alleged alterings. 3. In its broadest sense, it is "exerting one's utmost power, efforts, endeavors, or ability in contending with an object of disapprobation." [391] Some Shia branches label other Shia branches that do not agree with their doctrine as Ghulat. Berger, Roni. [171] The head of the child is also shaved, and an amount of money equaling the weight of the child's hair is donated to the poor. They rejected the Sunni schools of law and allowed Ijtihad. Traditionalist theology is characterized by its adherence to a literal understanding of the Quran and the Sunnah, the belief in the Quran to be uncreated and eternal, and opposes reason (kalam) in religious and ethical matters. [6] Islam teaches that God (Allah) is One, Merciful, All-Powerful, and Unique,[7] and has guided humanity through prophets, revealed scriptures, and natural signs. [xv][117][55]:90 The Quran says: Those who spend their wealth in charity day and night, secretly and openly—their reward is with their Lord. Dans votre magasin GiFi, vous trouvez des milliers d’articles à prix bas pour la décoration et l’aménagement de votre maison : objets déco tendance, ustensiles de cuisine, linge de maison, etc. [62][80], The Quran is more concerned with moral guidance than legislation, and is considered the "sourcebook of Islamic principles and values. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. A hadith involves two elements: a chain of narrators, called sanad, and the actual wording, called matn. [151][152], Sufism (Arabic: تصوف‎, tasawwuf), is a mystical-ascetic approach to Islam that seeks to find a direct personal experience of God. "Sunnah Jami'ah, pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrim of Yathrib. Religious missions converted Volga Bulgaria to Islam. Dear Twitpic Community - thank you for all the wonderful photos you have taken over the years. [196], During this time, Muhammad, while in Mecca, preached to the people, imploring them to abandon polytheism and to worship one God. First steps in the science of vision", "It's time to herald the Arabic science that prefigure Darwin and Newton", "Socioeconomic Bases of Cultural Patronage under the Later Timurids", "Chapter Thirty – The Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648", Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics, "Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the Twentieth Century", A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology, and Folk Culture, "Are secular forces being squeezed out of Arab Spring? [268] This probably influenced his exegesis on his Tafsir, which discounted much of the exegetical tradition since then. Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life. [329], The Barelwi movement, founded in India, emphasises the primacy of Islamic law over adherence to Sufi practices and personal devotion to the prophet Muhammad. [207], When Umar was assassinated by Persians in 644, the election of Uthman as successor was met with increasing opposition. Bienvenue sur la chaîne YouTube de Boursorama ! However, there are many terms in Islam to refer to religiously sanctioned positions of Islam. [x] According to the Quran, the prophets were instructed by God to bring the "will of God" to the peoples of the nations. All the tribes signed the agreement to defend Medina from all external threats and to live in harmony amongst themselves. 107-120. age and high fertility-rate of Muslims relative to other religious group. [128] Different legal schools developed methodologies for deriving sharia rulings from scriptural sources using a process known as ijtihad. This page was last edited on 13 February 2021, at 18:33. It is the world's second-largest religion with 1.9 billion followers or 24.9% of the world's population, known as Muslims. Hadiths can be classified, by studying the narration as: 'authentic' or 'correct' (صَحِيْح‎, ṣaḥīḥ); 'good', hasan (حَسَن‎, ḥasan); or 'weak' (ضَعِيْف‎, ḍaʻīf), among others. 3�⏪S��,���=��'-㎫F("o~��ct�"^XT�.7�-�����?��f�%��;"v,� #����k����!�Cz,R8��M�;���R��;� b�~1W�?�*ؚp��#x ���zt�0v��_y9�%��1�Y��{]��)�b���QO�[v���� ���V G`��wU�X����By�m�~^/6fx\,�y���m�X�ƀ"�X=�h 97���\��p�O�(�'�2>s����K�#�J��Lz����޵�T��H)��4LG��`�m�̙����mL��pr�-m7���t�H�B�R�1���HX�v��x�b1�R��F3��7�y8��o���EŔ�v�7/*��$�æ�@���>̻�#K��9��*u$t��[��c'���ף� �� � Cn����׵��}F麾�*��R� 8~��]7_��D�N��~��8�k�W� ������B�MB�Z��hr��{�j��`���q�?έ����s��f��'��N�7�7�M��3 �*9���$�L���3e�����qL�fk�1==�W���H����5������9�RG��!7�L����7Q7�?�p X{ʝF���Y�ݏ:z �Ɇ�. Islam (/ˈɪslɑːm/;[A] Arabic: اَلْإِسْلَامُ‎, romanized: al-’Islām, [ɪsˈlaːm] (listen) "submission [to God]")[1] is an Abrahamic religion teaching that there is only one God, taking Muhammad as a messenger of God. [321] In the 19th century, the Deobandi and Barelwi movements were initiated. [179] In fact, In Islamic tradition, the idea of social welfare has been presented as one of its principal values. [444] Later, there appeared criticism from the Muslim world itself, as well as from Jewish writers and from ecclesiastical Christians. [212][213], The generation after the death of Muhammad but contemporaries of his companions are known as the Tabi'un, followed by the Tabi‘ al-Tabi‘in. Muslims believe that prophets are human and not divine, though some are able to perform miracles to prove their claim. [382] He emphasized the importance of salvation in both life and afterlife through education and freedom, the synthesis of Islam and science and democracy as the best form governance within the rule of law. Scholar Muhammad al-Bukhari (810–870 AD) collected over 300,000 hadith and codified 2,602 of them, having passed veracity tests, as authentic into his Sahih al-Bukhari,[84] a book considered by Sunnis to be the most authentic source after the Quran. Rituals of the Hajj include: spending a day and a night in the tents in the desert plain of Mina, then a day in the desert plain of Arafat praying and worshiping God, following the footsteps of Abraham; then spending a night out in the open, sleeping on the desert sand in the desert plain of Muzdalifah; then moving to Jamarat, symbolically stoning the Devil recounting Abraham's actions;[120][121][122] then going to Mecca and walking seven times around the Kaaba which Muslims believe was built as a place of worship by Abraham; then walking seven times between Mount Safa and Mount Marwah recounting the steps of Abraham's wife, Hagar, while she was looking for water for her son Ishmael in the desert before Mecca developed into a settlement. [300][301][302] The ensuing mandatory conversion of Iran to Twelver Shia Islam for the largely Sunni population also ensured the final dominance of the Twelver sect within Shiism over the Zaidi and Ismaili sects. After the signing of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah many more people converted to Islam. [xvii][118] Accumulating wealth without spending it to address the needs of the poor is generally prohibited and admonished. [197][198], After 12 years of the persecution of Muslims by the Meccans and the Meccan boycott of the Hashemites, Muhammad's relatives, Muhammad and the Muslims performed the Hijra ('emigration') in AD 622 to the city of Yathrib (current-day Medina). In the 18th century, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab led a Salafi movement, referred by outsiders as Wahhabism, in modern-day Saudi Arabia. In hadith literature, angels are often assigned to only one specific phenomenon. [378] Maturidi's doctrine, based on Hanafi law, asserted man's capacity and will alongside the supremacy of God in man's acts, providing a doctrinal framework for more flexibility, adaptability and syncretism. rejected mutazilite doctrines and condemned their idea of the creation of the Quran. "[55]:79 Muslim jurists consult the hadith ('accounts'), or the written record of Prophet Muhammad's life, to both supplement the Quran and assist with its interpretation. In Ottoman understanding, the state's primary responsibility was to defend and extend the land of the Muslims, and to ensure security and harmony within its borders in the overarching context of orthodox Islamic practice and dynastic sovereignty. Georg Olms, Hildesheim, pp. [53][54][55]:22 God is described in Chapter 112 of the Quran: Say, “He is God—One and Indivisible; God—the Sustainer ˹needed by all˺. Islam, like Judaism, has no clergy in the sacredotal sense, such as priests who mediate between God and people. [175] However, Muslim men are allowed to practice polygyny, that is, they can have more than one wife at the same time, up to a total of four, per Surah 4 Verse 3. substancial - Free ebook download as Text File (.txt), PDF File (.pdf) or read book online for free. The Muslim world was generally in political decline starting the 1800s, especially relative to the non-Muslim European powers. [127][130] The role of sharia has become a contested topic around the world. [329][328] However, they differ from the Salafi movement flourishing in the second half of the 20th century, which is rooted in the Wahhabi movement. [317][318] After Indian independence, the Nizams of Hyderabad remained as the major Muslim princely state until the Annexation of Hyderabad by the modern Republic of India.[319]. [236] In mathematics, the mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of the algorithm, while the term algebra is derived from al-jabr. [292] During the period of Ottoman growth, claims on caliphal authority were recognized in 1517 as Selim I, who through conquering and unification of Muslim lands, became the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques in Mecca and Medina, and strengthening their claim to caliphate in the Muslim world. [186] One typical Islamic teaching on morality is that imposing a penalty on an offender in proportion to their offense is permissible and just; but forgiving the offender is better. The Islamic holy books are the records which most Muslims believe were dictated by God to various prophets. 1,539 Likes, 8 Comments - MIT Science (@mitscience) on Instagram: “A “sensational” map of the brain A team of researchers from Massachusetts Institute of…” UNK the , . During the time of Muhammad, any money that went to the state, was immediately used to help the poor. [140], The taking of land belonging to others is also prohibited. ", "Egypt's vote puts emphasis on split over religious rule", "Ultraconservative Islam on rise in Mideast", "Laying down the law: Islam's authority deficit", "Jordanian students rebel, embracing conservative Islam", "In Egypt, a new battle begins over the veil", The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050, "The Future of the Global Muslim Population", "Rising Muslim power causes unrest in Nigeria and elsewhere", "Muslims say their faith growing fast in Africa", "Fatawa - Is it true that only one sect of the Ummah will enter paradise whereas the other 70 sects will enter hellfire? UNK the , . [47] Islam is the verbal noun of Form IV of the root, and means "submission" or "total surrender". Journal of International Women's Studies 12.1 (2011): 177-178. [351][352][353] In many places, the prevalence of the hijab is growing increasingly common[354] and the percentage of Muslims favoring Sharia has increased. Currently no government conforms to Islamic economic jurisprudence, but steps have been taken to implement some of its tenets. [208] These disputes over religious and political leadership would give rise to schism in the Muslim community. Mu'tazila was a Greek influenced school[citation needed] of Sunni scholastic theology called kalam, which refers to dialectic. adverse event submission date yasmin 2015-7853 johnson, betty ... nda 17-463/s024,s040,s049 sba, mor, lblg, etc 2015-9444 solvay specialty polymers uisa llc - fcn 83 2015-9445 [35][36][37] Sunni and Shia differences arose from disagreement over the succession to Muhammad and acquired broader political significance, as well as theological and juridical dimensions. With Muslims coming from diverse backgrounds including 49 Muslim-majority countries, plus a strong presence as large minorities throughout the world there are many variations on Muslim weddings. [309] The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur, a direct descendant of Tamerlane and Genghis Khan. Generally in a Muslim family, a woman's sphere of operation is the home and a man's corresponding sphere is the outside world. He has never had offspring, nor was He born. Women's issues receive significant weight in the modern discourse on Islam. [400][401][402] Prominent figures who refused to identify with a particular Islamic denomination have included Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani,[403] and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. [343] In Turkey, the military carried out coups to oust Islamist governments, and headscarves were banned in official buildings, as also happened in Tunisia. [93] Yawm al-Qiyāmah is also identified in the Quran as Yawm ad-Dīn (يوم الدين‎, Day of Religion);[xi] as-Sāʿah (الساعة‎, 'the Last Hour');[xii] and al-Qāriʿah (القارعة‎, 'The Clatterer'). Then, in AD 634, Umar formally established the welfare state Bayt al-Mal ("House of Wealth"), which was for the Muslim and Non-Muslim poor, needy, elderly, orphans, widows, and the disabled. [150] Jihad only becomes an individual duty for those vested with authority. Herat city for example matched with Florence, the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance, as the focal point of a cultural rebirth. [242] Public hospitals established during this time (called Bimaristan hospitals), are considered "the first hospitals" in the modern sense of the word,[243][244] and issued the first medical diplomas to license doctors. [10] Muslims consider the Quran in Arabic to be the unaltered and final revelation of God. [339][55]:118–9, 179 Barnard College, a women's college affiliated with Columbia University, is located in New York City's Manhattan borough. "God Created the Universe with the Purpose to Serve Humankind: God Created..." Khan, Fateh Ullah. [333], On 3 March 1924, the first President of the Turkish Republic, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, as part of his secular reforms, constitutionally abolished the institution of the caliphate. All meat must come from a herbivorous animal slaughtered in the name of God by a Muslim, Jew, or Christian, with the exception of game that one has hunted or fished for oneself. [298], The Shia Safavid dynasty rose to power in 1501 and later conquered all of Iran. (1969) The Arabic Language: Its Role in History, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. �%x � xl/workbook.xml�Tmo�0�>i���w�MPH���iݪ�k5i�� V��l�����w@H_�݊ ����=w�o|�)%Zqc�V �#�R� �L���3o��uLeLj�|�->�|�0^ks����� .��b߷i�Kft�XrmJ�`i���g�-8w��BB�dB�!6o��y.R~�Ӻ��u �K� |[���he�������R]V �R���2��K� [H���C�1���QHR�:���cJ�mu� ����N�O���}�oC:� _��~��L��Q�;�� ��w�A�&�\H~�) �����&�#ɬ;̈́�Y�?�R��� SWǵ�`� B�Ov�4(�9��������Q0ld�-�{%�b� [229] Many orthodox Muslims[who?] Other smaller groups include the Bohra as well as the Alawites and Alevi. As a result, they believe that Ali ibn Abi Talib was the first Imam (leader), rejecting the legitimacy of the previous Muslim caliphs Abu Bakr, Uthman ibn al-Affan and Umar ibn al-Khattab. However, Asharism accepts reason in regard of exegetical matters and combined Muʿtazila approaches with traditionalistic ideas.[380]. Performing prayers five times a day is compulsory but flexibility in the timing specifics is allowed depending on circumstances. [iii] In the Hadith of Gabriel, Islam is presented as one part of a triad that also includes imān (faith), and ihsān (excellence). b�h^ � [Content_Types].xml �(� ���N�0E�H�C�-Jܲ@5��*Q>�ēƪc[�ii����B�j7���{2��h�nm���ƻR����U^7/���%��rZY�@1__�f� �q��R4D�AJ�h>����V�ƹ�Z�9����NV�8ʩ����ji){^��-I�"{�v^�P!XS)bR�r��K�s(�3�`c�0��������7M4�����ZƐk+�|\|z�(���P��6h_-[�@�!��� Pk���2n�}�?�L��� ��%���d����dN"m,�ǞDO97*�~��ɸ8�O�c|n���E������B��!$}�����;{���[����2� �� PK ! It is also controversially used to denote the cultural aspects of traditionally Muslim people. [126][127] In the modern era, sharia-based criminal laws were widely replaced by statutes inspired by European models. The most important Islamic festivals are Eid al-Fitr (Arabic: عيد الفطر‎) on the 1st of Shawwal, marking the end of the fasting month Ramadan, and Eid al-Adha (عيد الأضحى) on the 10th of Dhu al-Hijjah, coinciding with the end of the Hajj (pilgrimage). List of MAC Fathul Mujahidin, replaced Bengal ruled by the Nawabs of Bengal as South Asia's foremost economic territory. Good deeds, such as charity, prayer, and compassion towards animals,[91][92] will be rewarded with entry to heaven. The Only Astrology Book You Will Ever Need Okonkwo, Emeka E., and C. A. Nzeh. "Arab Roots of European Medicine", Heart Views 4 (2). [269][270] However, the writings of Ibn Taymiyya became important sources for Wahhabism and 21st century Salafi theology,[266][263][264] just as Tafsir Ibn Kathir also became highly rewarded in modern Salafism. The act of supplicating is referred to as dua. The central concept of Islam is a precise monotheism, called tawḥīd (Arabic: توحيد‎). Sawm is not obligatory for several groups for whom it would constitute an undue burden. [42] Sizable Muslim communities can also be found in the Americas, China, and Europe. 2004. "[189], Mainstream Islamic law does not distinguish between "matters of church" and "matters of state"; the scholars function as both jurists and theologians. A jurist who interprets Islamic law is called a mufti (مفتي‎) and often issues legal opinions, called fatwas. During the 18th century Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab founded a military movement opposing the Ottoman Sultanate as an illegitimate rule, advising his fellows to return to the principles of Islam based on the theology of Ahmad ibn Hanbal. There are ongoing debates as to whether sharia is compatible with secular forms of government, human rights, freedom of thought, and women's rights.[131][132][133]. After the death of Imam Jafar al-Sadiq who is considered the sixth Imam by the Twelvers and the Ismaili's, the Ismailis recognized his son Isma'il ibn Jafar as his successor whereas the Twelver Shia's followed his other son Musa al-Kadhim as the seventh Imam. contains some random words for machine learning natural language processing [308] The wealthy Islamic Bengal Sultanate was subsequently founded, a major global trading nation in the world, described by the Europeans to be the "richest country to trade with". Islamic hygienic practices mainly fall into the category of personal cleanliness and health. [364][365][366][367], The largest denomination in Islam is Sunni Islam, which makes up 85–90% of all Muslims,[368] and is arguably the world's largest religious denomination. The Bayt al-Maal ran for hundreds of years under the Rashidun Caliphate in the 7th century, continuing through the Umayyad period, and well into the Abbasid era. [135], To reduce the gap between the rich and the poor, Islamic economic jurisprudence encourages trade,[136] discourages the hoarding of wealth and outlaws interest-bearing loans (i.e. The chronologically earlier suras, revealed at Mecca, are primarily concerned with ethical and spiritual topics. Belief in these articles is necessary and obligatory upon all Muslims. “. Prohibited foods include pork products, blood, carrion, and alcohol. Each differ in their methodology, called Usul al-fiqh ('principles of jurisprudence'). However, in practice, this separation is not as rigid as it appears. "Zakat." Muslims make up a majority of the population in 49 countries. [323] During this period he formed an alliance with the Saud family, who founded the Wahhabi sect. 382–83 in, Mohammad, N. 1985. [1][48] A Muslim (Arabic: مُسْلِم‎), the word for a follower of Islam, is the active participle of the same verb form, and means "submitter (to God)" or "one who surrenders (to God)." Detail of arabesque decoration at the Alhambra in Spain. Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari defended the Quranic description of paradise by asserting that the Bible also implies such ideas, such as drinking wine in Gospel of Matthew. [451], Since the events of September 11, 2001, Islam has faced criticism over its scriptures and teachings being claimed to be a significant source of terrorism and terrorist ideology. 2. 3. Job interview questions and sample answers list, tips, guide and advice. �>��� � xl/_rels/workbook.xml.rels �(� �RMK�0���0w�v�t/"�U�ɴ)�&!3~��*�]X�K/o�y���v�5���+��zl�;o���b���G�����s�>��,�8��(%���"D��҆4j�0u2js��MY�˴���S쭂��� �)f���C����y�� I< y ���!+��E���fMy�k�����K�5=|�t ��G)�s墙�U��tB��)���,���f����� �� PK !